2017年2月15日 星期三

Approaches to Literature(week1)

Orientation


Map orientation, the relationship between directions on a map and compass directions


Orientation (mental), a function of the mind



Student orientation, the first week of a university  year in several countries



Romantic orientation, the sex or gender with which a person is most likely to have a romantic relationship or fall in love.



Page orientation, the way in which a rectangular page is oriented for normal viewing.

The particular interests, aims, and emphasis of a business, political group, or other organization.


Genre(Literaty type)

A genre is any form or type of communication in any mode with socially-agreed upon conventions developed over time.Genre is most popularly known as a category of literature, music, or other forms of art or entertainment, whether written or spoken, audio or visual, based on some set of stylistic criteria, yet genres can be aesthetic, rhetorical, communicative, or functional.



Plot refers to the sequence of events inside a story which affect other events through the principle of cause and effect. The causal events of a plot can be thought of as a series of sentences linked by "and so". Plots can vary from simple structures such as in a traditional ballad to complex interwoven structures sometimes referred to as an imbroglio. The term plot can serve as a verb and refer to a character planning future actions in the story.





Theocracy is a form of government in which a deity is the source from which all authority derives. The Oxford English Dictionary has this definition:
1. a system of government in which priests rule in the name of God or a god.
1.1. the commonwealth of Israel from the time of Moses until the election of Saul as King. 



The lyre is a string instrument  known for its use in Greek classical antiquity and later periods. The lyre is similar in appearance to a small harp but with distinct differences.



The Muses are the inspirational goddesses of literature, science, and the arts  in Greek mythology. They were considered the source of the knowledge embodied in the poetry, lyric songs, and myths   that were related orally for centuries in these ancient cultures.


A rhyme scheme is the pattern of rhymes at the end of each line of a poem or song. It is usually referred to by using letters to indicate which lines rhyme; lines designated with the same letter all rhyme with each other.



Iambic pentameter is a commonly used type of metrical line in traditional English poetry and verse drama. The term describes the rhythm that the words establish in that line, which is measured in small groups of syllables called "feet".



Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is a viral respiratory disease  of zoonotic origin caused by the SARS coronavirus (SARS-CoV).No cases of SARS have been reported worldwide since 2004.



Atheism is, in the broadest sense, the absence of belief in the existence of deities.Less broadly, atheism is the rejection of the belief that any deities exist. In an even narrower sense, atheism is specifically the position that there are no deities. Atheism is contrasted with theism, which, in its most general form, is the belief that at least one deity exists.




Apathy is a lack of feeling, emotion, interest, and concern. Apathy is a state of indifference, or the suppression of emotions such as concern, excitement, motivation, and/or passion. An apathetic individual has an absence of interest in or concern about emotional, social, spiritual, philosophical and/or physical life and the world.


Theocracy is a form of government in which a deity is the source from which all authority derives. An ecclesiocracy  is a situation where the religious leaders assume a leading role in the state, but do not claim that they are instruments of divine revelation.


Bureaucracy

A bureaucracy is "a body of non-elective government officials" and/or "an administrative policy-making group." Historically, bureaucracy was government administration  managed by departments staffed with non-elected officials.



Democracy, in modern usage, is a system of government in which the citizens exercise power directly or elect representatives from among themselves to form a governing body, such as a parliament. Democracy is sometimes referred to as "rule of the majority". Democracy was originally conceived in Classical Greece, where political representatives were chosen by a jury from amongst the male citizens: rich and poor.



In Greek mythology, Chryseis was a Trojan woman, the daughter of Chryses. Chryseis, her apparent name in the Iliad, means simply "Chryses' daughter"; later writers give her real name as Astynome .



Briseis

Brisēís was a mythical queen in Asia Minor at the time of the Trojan War. Her character lies at the heart of a dispute between Achilles and Agamemnon that drives the plot of Homer's Iliad.


William Shakespeare, 1564 - 1616

Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?
Thou art more lovely and more temperate.
Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May,
And summer’s lease hath all too short a date.
Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines,
And often is his gold complexion dimmed;
And every fair from fair sometime declines,
By chance, or nature’s changing course, untrimmed;
But thy eternal summer shall not fade,
Nor lose possession of that fair thou ow’st,
Nor shall death brag thou wand’rest in his shade,
When in eternal lines to Time thou grow’st.
     So long as men can breathe, or eyes can see,
     So long lives this, and this gives life to thee.

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